Edinburgh Napier University

  The modern food supply chain often involves multiple layers of participants spread across different countries and continents. This complex system offers significant benefits to businesses worldwide; however, it also presents several challenges. One major problem is the inability to trace the product flow back to its origin, a critical issue in many industries. Another issue is the lack of trust among supply chain participants. Blockchain technology can help address these and other challenges faced by the supply chain industry. However, it is surprising that, globally, there are still not many examples of the technology’s adoption, with most projects remaining in the pilot stage. This paper explores the field of custom blockchain design tailored to specific applications, with a focus on supply chain operations in the food industry. It includes the development of a lightweight yet fully featured Python prototype for a decentralized blockchain system. In addition to common features like block validation and state updates, the prototype includes a newly designed type of transaction tailored specifically for supply chain operations. These transactions eliminate the need for smart contracts, making the system more lightweight compared to general-purpose blockchain platforms such as Ethereum and less prone to security vulnerabilities. The prototype is designed as a public blockchain network, with Proof of Work selected as the consensus algorithm. The novelty of this research work lies in advancing the concept of a custom blockchain solution for the food industry. The key elements of the prototype have been unit tested. The overall evaluation was completed using a Python script that simulates product flow through an example supply chain, allowing product provenance to be determined by tracing the product flow back to its origin.